Courtesy name Duan-fu, art name Hao-yuan, a native of Tianjin. He studied in Belgium, earning a degree in commerce, and later served as Vice Minister of Communications in the Beiyang Government. A renowned collector during the Republic of China period, he amassed an extensive collection of ancient jades, inkstones, epigraphy, calligraphy, and painting. Renowned for his refined connoisseurship, he lived a modest personal life while generously acquiring and preserving cultural treasures.