Courtesy name Dong-shan, art name Lu-shi, a native of Shanghai. He attained the degree of provincial graduate (juren) in 1903 (the 29th year of the Guangxu reign). Accomplished in poetry, calligraphy, and painting, he was particularly proficient in Han clerical script (bafen) and plum blossom painting. He co-founded the Yuyuan Calligraphy and Painting Benevolent Society, served as president of the Shanghai Calligraphy and Painting Society, and compiled Haishang Molin, standing as an essential figure in Shanghai School art history.